During the 19th century, the powerful nations of Europe "carved up" Africa into colonies and territories. Before colonization, how were the borders in Africa established? A:Borders were maintained by military leaders who worked to separate religious groups.
B:Borders generally did not exist before the colonization of Africa.
C:Borders were determined by allegiance to a central leader or a community.
D:Borders were formed by rivers, mountains and other geographic features.

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copernicus finished the first manuscript of his book, "de revolutionibus orbium coelestium" ("on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres") in 1532. in it, copernicus established that the planets orbited the sun rather than the earth. he laid out his model of the solar system and the path of the planets.

mapmaking. cartography had been an art form for many years, but it wasn’t until the renaissance when ptolemy’s ancient system of latitude and longitude was rediscovered that mapmakers were able to make surprisingly accurate and useful maps.