Explanation:
1.It is a somewhat common refrain in Latin America that countries need the mano dura (strong hand) of a military dictatorship in order to get things done. Surveys in the early twenty-first century reveal a growing disenchantment with civilian governments, with a surprisingly large minority of Latin Americans stating a preference for a dictatorial form of government over democracy. Such sentiments date back to the founding of the Latin American republics in the early nineteenth century. After the removal of the Iberian crowns, conservatives argued that the new states were like children who needed parental guidance. These conservatives favored a centralist form of government in which a small group of elites would hold power and rule paternalistically on behalf of the rest of the country. Positivism, with its emphasis on order and progress, often provided a philosophical basis for such regimes in Latin America.
2:In 1945 Japan was undergoing devastating bombing attacks by the U.S. Air Force. Fire bombings of Tokyo killed as many as 140 thousand Japanese in one night. A submarine blockade of Japan cut off supplies of food, fuel and everything else. Yet the Japanese government showed no indication of surrender.
Despite the obvious inevitability of defeat the Japanese were defending to the death islands on the path of an American invasion of the main Japanese islands. The capture of Iwo Jima cost over 6800 American lives and 19000 Japanese lives. The capture of Okinawa cost over 7600 American lives and 110,000 Japanese lives. There was every reason to believe the conquest of the main islands would be far more costly in American and Japanese lives. It took the dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 7th to startle the Japanese government. Even then there were leaders in the Japanese government that thought the U.S. had only one bomb. Therefore a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9th. On August 9th the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. Although Japan had seen death tolls equal to those of the nuclear weapons before and not surrendered the prospect of all the major cities being destroyed by nuclear weapons was too much and the government agreed to an unconditional surrender on August 14th of 1945. The Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender to the Japanese people in a radio broadcast.
General Douglas MacArthur was chosen to be the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP), the authority that was to govern Japan for the immediate future. MacArthur put together a team of American officers to fulfill that responsibility. MacArthur himself was a political conservative but many if not most of the people working for him at SCAP were liberal Democrats dedicated to the principles of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. The New Deal was a variety of the economic system called Corporatism. One major tenet of the New Deal was the recognition of labor unions and the notion of collective bargaining to settle management-labor differences such as in wages, work hours or working conditions. More generally the New Deal allowed for private enterprise only under the guidance of the government.
