May 13, 1958
the president
the white house
washington, d. c.
my dear mr. president:
i was sitting in the audience at the summit meeting of negro [african-american] leaders
yesterday when you said we must have patience. on hearing you say this, i felt like
standing up and saying, “oh no! not again.” …
17 million negroes cannot do as you suggest and wait for the hearts of men to change. we
want to enjoy now the rights that we feel we are entitled to as americans. this we cannot
do unless we pursue aggressively goals which all other americans achieved over 150 years
ago.
as the chief executive of our nation, i respectfully suggest that you unwittingly crush the
spirit of freedom in negroes by constantly urging forbearance [delay] and give hope to those
pro-segregation leaders like governor [orval] faubus who would take from us even those
freedoms we now enjoy. your own experience with governor faubus is proof enough that
forbearance and not eventual integration is the goal the pro-segregation leaders seek.…
respectfully yours,
jackie robinson
source: national archives & records administration
which action by the federal government would jackie robinson most likely have
supported to achieve his stated goals?
(1) federal assistance to expand segregated facilities
(2) creation of additional job training programs
(3) appointment of a commission to study the causes of urban race riots
(4) faster implementation of the decision in brown v. board of education of topeka
(1954)

in 'popular history' of europe in america it's common to blame the rise of the nazis (and of coursewwii, too) mainly on the treaty of versailles. despite the harshness of the treaty and despite the inflation of 1919-23 germany did benefit from the economic buoyancy of the roaring twenties. in the general election in 1928, the nazis only managed to get 12 (out of about 584) seats in the reichstag. the nazis were widely seen as a laughing-stock led by a funny little man given to yelling and wild gesticulation. of all european countries, none was hit harder than germany by the stockmarket crash of october 1929. germany had borrowed very large sums from american banks, with much of the money repayable either on demand or at short notice. these loans were of course recalled, and bankruptcies in germany rose sharply from the start of 1930 (or earlier). unemployment rose sharply, too. the german constitution of 1919 contained much that was utopian, including the right to paid employment. the realities of the situation made a mockery of the weimar constitution. one of german's great weaknesses at the time was the lack of a broadly based, popular right-wing party comparable to, say, the republicans in the us or the conservatives in britain. the obvious candidate, the german nationalists (the dnvp), had lost its grip and was hopelessly out oftouch with many of its supporters especially in rural areas. germany became increasingly hard to govern.

from about the middle of 1930 onwards the new chancellor, br�ning, had to govern by decree. in the absence of mainstream right-wing party, the nazis - who ruthlessly exploited genuine grievances - suddenly became the largest single party in the reichstag. with the growing effects of the great depression, unemployment reached about 27% (or more) in 1932. acting on bad advice (from the dnvp) hindenburg dismissed brüning in july 1932. in the general election that followed, the nazis won 37% of the seats. the other party that did well was the communist party (kpd) with 14%. fresh elections were held in november 1932: the nazi vote fell slightly, but the communist vote rose to 17%. in the streets of berlin and other major cities violence between left and right and their paramilitary wings grew. by late 1932, the effects of the great depression in germany had passed their peak, but this wasn't obvious at the time. the steady rise in communist vote triggered panic among most of the mainstream parties. after trying various solutions to the political crisis, hindenburg again took very bad advice - again from the dnvp. on the basis of this advice, he appointed hitler reichs chancellor on 30 january 1933 who promised to form a coalition with the german nationalists (dnvp). he did so, but at the same time almost immediately unleashed the sa (stormtroopers) who started a reign of terror within two months germany became a dictatorship, complete with concentration camps. joncey

explanation:

1. where does the energy of a nuclear power plant come from?

d) political bosses should not hold office