In a scientific experiment, the factor that may change in response to the manipulated variable is called the variable.

federal appellate courts are called courts of appeals. cases can be further appealed to the u.s. supreme court. cases are heard for the first time in a trial court. if either party disagrees with the decision in the trial court, they can appeal, asking a higher court to review the decision.

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".