"the person of the king is sacred, and to attack him in any way is an attack on god itself. kings represent the divine majesty and have been appointed to him to carry out his purposes. serving god and representing kings are bound together." -bishop jacques bossuet

which group directly challenged the political philosophy expressed in this statement?

In my opinion, it would be the Parliament. The idea of Divine Right has the tendency for kings to "abuse" their power because they have the power to do as they please. Because of the Parliament was born. The Parliament is the legislative body that helps create law and order in the kingdom. The Parliament played a big role during the Glorious Revolution.