The president pro tempore of the senate is

President Pro Tempore of the Senate is the person who holds the presidency of the Senate, in the absence of the Vice President. He also holds the presidency if the President and the Vice President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives are no longer able to do so. The President Pro Tempore is elected by the members of the Senate. In practice, it is usually the longest-serving member of the majority party.

In the current Senate the post is filled by Iowa Republican senator Chuck Grassley.

the berlin blockade was an international crisis that arose from an attempt by the soviet union, in 1948–49, to force the western allied powers (the united states, the united kingdom, and france) to abandon their post-world war ii jurisdictions in west berlin. in march 1948 the allied powers decided to unite their different occupation zones of germany into a single economic unit. in protest, the soviet representative withdrew from the allied control council. coincident with the introduction of a new deutsche mark in west berlin (as throughout west germany), which the soviets regarded as a violation of agreements with the allies, the soviet occupation forces in eastern germany began a blockade of all rail, road, and water communications between berlin and the west. on june 24 the soviets announced that the four-power administration of berlin had ceased and that the allies no longer had any rights there.

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