How did gunpowder technology affect politics in the ottoman empire?

a. the resources needed to supply and use the weapons resulted in a greater centralization of government.
b. the weapons allowed for armed rebellions of the lower classes, which resulted in a unstable government.
c. neighboring empires quickly outpaced the ottoman empire in gunpowder technology and swiftly overran the empire.
d. the weapons did not coincide with islamic teachings, which caused friction between religious leaders and political rulers.