Which movement pushed the idea that an individual could go beyond themselvesand listen to their own conscience , not religion, to learn about the truth about the universe?

In the course of illness senerational campaign against stephen douglas in1858 abraham declared that

What was one cause of the sepoy rebellion in india? the british outlawed many indian traditions. the british instituted the caste system. the british began to collect taxes. the british opened trade posts.

Do you think penalties are fair for students that cheat in class? college etc.