Effective decision-making means comparing the additional costs of alternatives with the .

the effect of the ming leaders banning ships with more than two masts was that there was no further construction of ships masts, because there was a surplus. ming emperors disallowed foreign exploration

it was the "4. potsdam" conference that demanded the unconditional surrender of japan, since it was clear that the japanese would continue to find until the very last man otherwise.

this is a good question! i'll do some research and come back when i have the answer!