Rome during the pax romana and the catholic church during the middle ages are examples of

Centralized power: all their power went up efficiently and bureaucratically (although that may seem like an oxymoron) to one small group of people. In one case, the Caesar and the Senate (which still had a role during the Pax Romana); in the second case, the Pope and his Cardinals.

South carolina was so angry about the election of lincoln that they seceded from the union on december 20, 1860. they attacked fort sumter later, on april 12, 1861.