During the 1870s, supreme court decisions guaranteed african americans protection from actions by other citizens restricted the scope of the fourteenth amendment ruled that states had no power to define rights for their citizens granted african americans new freedoms at the state level

the dominoes began to fall. the surrender at appomattox took place a week later on april 9. while it was the most significant surrender to take place during the civil war, gen. robert e. lee, the confederacy's most respected commander, surrendered only his army of northern virginia to union gen. ulysses s. grant

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