Which supreme court decision upheld affirmative action? brown v. board of education grutter v. bollinger hernandez v. texas plessy v. ferguson

Grutter v. Bollinger

Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) was a landmark case in which the Supreme Court upheld that the affirmative action admissions policy of the University of Michigan Law School was constitutional, as the school had a compelling interest in promoting diversity.

It also argued that the system was not equivalent to a quota system (which would have been unconstitutional) as it favoured underrepresented minority groups but also took into account many other factors on an individual basis.

he risk-return relationship. generally, the higher the potential return of an investment, the higher the risk. there is no guarantee that you will actually get a higher return by accepting more risk. diversification enables you to reduce the risk of your portfolio without sacrificing potential returns.

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