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in africa, what is a handicap to national unity?
religion
education
allegiance to a tribe

Allegiance to a tribe

Explanation:

It is true that allegiance to a tribe is one handicap to national unity in Africa. When Africa was divided into countries, it did so with little consultation of local people. Instead, Africa was divided into countries by European powers in what was known as the "Scramble for Africa." This meant that national lines often cut across tribal lines. In general, allegiance to a tribe was a stronger tie for people, and this has occasionally been a handicap to national unity in the continent.

powers  are  denied  to the  national governmentin three distinct ways: some  powers, such as the  power  to levy duties on exports or prohibit the freedom of religion, speech, press, or assembly, are expressly  denied  to the  national government  in the  constitution.