Q: what were the positive and negative results that this historian argues is the legacy of the crusades

The Crusades have had negative and positive consequences. The negative ones were the destruction of properties, the massacres that took place during the war, the exploitation of populations.

The positive consequence was that it was possible the contact between two civilizations that have influenced each other.

d

explanation:

islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. however, in the modern contexts of muslims minorities in non-muslim countries as well as secularised muslim states like turkey, indonesia and bangladesh, religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal shapes.

compared to religious leaders/clerics of the other abrahamic faiths, islamic clergy are said to resemble rabbis and not priests. unlike catholic priests they do not "serve as intermediaries between mankind and god",[1] have "process of ordination",[2] or "sacramental functions",[1] but instead serve as "exemplars, teachers, judges, and community leaders," providing religious rules to the pious on "even the most minor and private" matters.[1]