The framers of the u. s. constitution hoped to avoid unnecessary changes to the document by making the amendment process fairly difficult. they did this by

a. requiring that the supreme court approve any amendments that are proposed.
b. requiring a three-fourths approval from state legislatures or conventions to ratify amendments.
c. requiring that amendments be approved by a majority of the people in a special direct election.
d. requiring a two-thirds vote from congress and presidential approval before ratifying an amendment.

abraham lincoln, according to anyone who was connected with agriculture, represented the worst of northern politicians. shortly after lincoln was elected, south carolina seceded from the union. they along with other southern states, retained their anger. in a way, it was their own fault: the democrats were split in the south. some wanted slavery to be extended in other states that were about to join the union and some didn't want it badly enough. lincoln had a solid backing from his party: the republicans were united in not wanting slavery to be expanded.