All of the following represent innovations in land use in the middle ages except
a. the shared property of monastic communities
b. the open fields of manorial villages
c. the three files-system
d. the ownership by individuals of small farms
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D. the ownership by individuals of small farms

Explanation:

In the middle ages there were several different invention in land use, but the property ownership of small farms by individuals was not one of them, property or the concept of the same by small owners or any individual didn´t become a thing up untill after colonization and the new world.

the romans were initially interested in expansion via sicily (which at that time was a cultural melting pot), part of which lay under carthaginian control. at the start of the first punic war (264-241 bc), carthage was the dominant power of the western mediterranean, with an extensive maritime empire