Why did states have to resort to acts of legislation such as referendums, recalls, and initiatives to reform local and state government?

the federal government mandated such legislation.
political machines were too powerful and corrupt.
the u. s. constitution had outlined the procedures.
the federal courts refused to approve other means.

The answer is: Political machines were too powerful and corrupt.

Political machines that exist in united states today mostly operate under the influence of lobbyist that controlled by external organizations (such as businesses or activist groups). Because of these, drastic measures such as  referendums, recalls, and initiative are deemed as necessary to bypass the external influences.

answer; i believe the correct answer is (favorable balance);