"what was the primary cause of the trends shown on the graph?
(1)closing of the western frontier
(2)industrialization in the north and the midwest
(3)passage of the homestead act
(4)completion of the transcontinental railroad"

The major impact third parties have on presidential elections has been to.. a. encourage larger vote turnout b. recruiter leader from the democratic and republican party to run for president c. generate increased party identification among the electorate d. developing issues that are later adopted by the major political parties e. drawn off of votes from the major parties to throw election into the house representatives