By the 1820s, almost all of latin america was
a. dependent on spain.
b. made up of independent republics.
c. colonized by europe.
d. colonized by the united states.

B. made up of independent republics.  

Explanation:

Following three centuries of colonial rule, independence came  to a large portion of Spanish and Portuguese America.

Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America with the exception of the Spanish settlements of Cuba and Puerto Rico slipped out of the hands of the Iberian forces who had ruled the area since the victory. The velocity and timing of that sensational change were the consequences of a mix of long-building tensions in colonial rule and a series of external events.

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explanation: idk

pan-africanism or pan-africanism is a political, philosophical, cultural and social movement that promotes african twinning, the defense of the rights of african people and the unity of africa under a single sovereign state, for all africans, both africa as of the african diasporas.