1. how did changes in manufacturing in the late 1700s and early 1800s affect people living in northern cities?
a. fewer people worked in factories as water-powered machines increasingly replaced laborers.
b. factories used interchangeable parts and water power, so workers’ hours became shorter.
c. factories employed more people, including women and children, for lower wages and longer hours.
d. as factory employment became less widely available, people began leaving the cities to work in agriculture.

b) a state law could be declared illegal if it contradicted the constitution.

explanation:

the conflict of this case originated when james w. mcculloch, a cashier of the baltimore branch of the second bank of the united states that the congress had chartered in 1816, refused to pay a tax imposed by the maryland state.

in the case, the state of maryland appealed that the establishment of a second bank was unconstitutional since the constitution didn't say anything about granting that power to congress. however, the case determined that even if such right wasn't specifically stated in the constitution, it was part of the "implied powers" of the government enunciated in article i, section 8.

the case also eliminated maryland's legislation to impose taxes to a national bank, asserting that even though the states retained the power of taxation, the constitution's laws are supreme and can not be controlled by the states, therefore, if a state law contradicts the constitution, it should be declared illegal.

explanation:

a: her mother, brother, and father died

b: she lied when she didn't think people wanted the truth

c: a governess was mean to her

explanation: