Which best describes how monarchs such as frederick the great, catherine the great, and joseph ii adopted the concept of enlightened despotism during the 18th century?

the federalist party which advocated strong centralization dominated the united states government till 1800. so 1800 election transformed the power from one party to another party for the first time and was thus a turning point in american history. so jefferson called it "revolution of 1800".

explanation:

the answer to number 5 is fort sumter

very positive impact on our industries in the west, sine they promoted settlement and increased the ways in which goods could be transported to market.  

i would say it is the roman empire europe after the norman conquest.