General omar bradley led the 12th army group to victory during the last large counteroffensive by german forces during world war ii. the battle was named after the shape of the german push into allied territory and is usually referred to as

i believe we're not a republic so that is a hard question

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in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.