Refer to the passage. "Urbanisation undermines caste. The relative anonymity of an individual’s identity in a city makes it difficult for rules of purity and pollution to be observed and enforced in the public sphere.

Fewer activities are then mediated by an individual’s caste identity. And urbanisation will continue to increase. By 2030, 40 per cent of Indians are predicted to live in urban areas.

The urban middle class, once a preserve of the upper castes, has become more diverse with gradual entry of backward castes and Dalits.

The marriage market reflects this change. In 1970, only 1.5 per cent of matrimonial ads published in the national dailies belonged to backward castes and Dalits. This number had increased to 10 per cent by 2010.

In cities, the search for partners differs from that in villages. People in the middle class shift from family and caste networks to friends and professional networks, and rely on technology. Already 250 million Indians own smartphones.”

Excerpt from "Caste and Marriage in Urban Middle-Class India” by Amit Ahuja, 2016

How has the caste system in rural Indian areas adapted to globalization differently than the caste system in urban areas?

- Rural areas have been unaffected by globalization because of their isolation.
- Rural areas have changed the most socially, as globalization has led to an adoption of Western culture.
- Rural areas have been slower to adapt socially to the changing global society, as technology and industrialization have had less impact.
- Rural areas have seen a greater weakening of the caste system, as many people from lower castes have moved to urban areas in search of work.