Asian reactions to Western claims of racial and cultural superiority, such as the reaction by Shigenobu in the passage, were also instrumental in the period 1918-1945 in the
O growing popularity of laissez-faire economic policies in Asian states
O growing number of conversions to Christianity among Asian peoples
O intensification of anti-imperial resistance activities and independence movements
O establishment of European immigrant enclaves in many parts of South and East Asia

intensification of anti-imperial resistance activities and independence movements

Explanation:

Asian reactions to Western claims of racial and cultural superiority were strongly grounded in the activities of anti-imperialist resistance and independence movements, especially in relation to European cultures that established a strong imperialist policy, which reinforced the idea of racial superiority, being highly damaging for the whole world and damaging world peace and intensifying scenarios of intolerance, xenophobia, disrespect and racism.