One argument against the spoils system was that it
a. did not reward loyal supporters.
b. was unbiased and too rigid.
c. was a hard process to understand.
d. might lead to abuses of power.

The correct answer is D. The expression spoils system describes a practice by which the political parties of the government distribute institutional positions and positions of power between their own militants and sympathizers.

The origin of this political behavior is based on the system of political clientelism, which can lead to an abusive distribution of positions.

for starters, there is the structural trend of rising primary government expenditure as a share of gdp, which reached 36% in 2014, up from 22% in 1991. this increase reflected a political desire to address the poverty and inequality that had gone unaddressed during previous decades. to support the increase, brazil’s government increased taxes on consumption and promoted progress toward labor-market formalization. nonetheless, public investment, particularly in infrastructure, took a hit. in fact, with the exception of the 2005-2008 period, total investment as a share of gdp has remained below 20% since 1991.

the doctrine of nullification recommended that states living inside the union have the one-sided, inalienable ideal to void any law made by the national government that could be esteemed illegal.

the united states was shaped based on a general agreement among its individual states. hence, it is inferred that under the hypothesis of invalidation, since the states are the establishment of the union, they have the ability to referee and disprove unlawful laws.