The main cause of death among the slaves being transported from Africa to the Americas was the a. brutal beatings suffered at the hands of the slave ship captains.

b. contagious diseases that spread in the tightly-packed hold of the ship.

c. starvation caused by lack of food and water.

d. jumping overboard by slaves in an attempt to escape

Explanation:

Most contemporary historians estimate that Disease and starvation due to the length of the passage were the main contributors to the death toll with amoebic dysentery and scurvy causing the majority of deaths.

so the answer is both b and d

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all the other answers are wrong

although the crusades failed to capture jerusalem, they had several major impacts on western europe. they increased the authority of the king: sometimes nobles died in battle without leaving an heir in which case the king got their land. kings passed taxes to pay for the crusades.