‘Warfare can have a powerful influence on artistic and cultural movements.’ Using the sources and your own knowledge of artistic and cultural movements, to what extent do you agree with the statement? SOURCE A ‘In Flanders Fields’ by John McCrae, May 1915

In Flanders fields the poppies blow

Between the crosses, row on row,

That mark our place; and in the sky

The larks, still bravely singing, fly

Scarce heard amid the guns below

We are the Dead. Short days ago

We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,

Loved and were loved, and now we lie

in Flanders fields

Take up our quarrel with the foe:

To you from failing hands we throw

The torch; be yours to hold it high.

If ye break faith with us who die

SOURCE B Extract from All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque

‘But now, for the first time, I see you are a man like me. I thought of your hand-grenades, of your bayonet, of your rifle; now I see your wife and your face and our fellowship. Forgive me, comrade. We always see it too late. Why do they never tell us that you are poor devils like us, that your mothers are just as anxious as ours, and that we have the same fear of death, and the same dying and the same agony – Forgive me, comrade; how could you be my enemy?’

SOURCE C Paul Valery, a French thinker and poet, speaking in 1922

‘One can say that all the fundamentals of our world have been affected by the war, or more exactly, by the circumstances of the war; something deeper has been worn away than the renewable parts of a machine … The Mind has been cruelly wounded; its complaint is heard in the hearts of intellectual men; it passes a mournful judgement on its self. It doubts itself profoundly.’