During the Islamic golden age caliphs encouraged scholars to translate ancient works written in the language into Arabic

★ Caliphs like al-Rashid and al-Ma'mun directly encouraged a translation movement, a formal translation of scholarly works from Greek into Arabic. The Abbasid rulers wanted to make Greek texts, such as Aristotle's works, available to the Arab world.

it increased the power of the king of england.

the russian revolution of 1917 involved the collapse of an empire under tsar nicholas ii and the rise of marxian socialism under lenin and his bolsheviks.