On November 5, 1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt broke a long-held precedentâone that started with George Washingtonâwhen he became the first president elected to a third term. Roosevelt would go on to vie for, and win, yet a fourth term, taking office again on January 20, 1945.
FDR was the first, and last, president to win more than two consecutive presidential elections and his exclusive four terms were in part a consequence of timing. His election for a third term took place as the United States remained in the throes of the Great Depression and World War II had just begun. While multiple presidents had sought third terms before, the instability of the times allowed FDR to make a strong case for stability.
âYou have economic-domestic issues and you have foreign policy with the outbreak of World War II in 1939,â says Barbara Perry, professor and director of presidential studies at the University of Virginiaâs Miller Center. âAnd then you have his own political viabilityâhe had won the 1936 election with more than two-thirds of the popular vote.â
Eventually U.S. lawmakers pushed back, arguing that term limits were necessary to keep abuse of power in check. Two years after FDRâs death, Congress passed the 22nd Amendment, limiting presidents to two terms. Then amendment was then ratified in 1951.
At the time of FDRâs third presidential run, however, âThere was nothing but precedent standing in his way,â says Perry. âBut, still, precedent, especially as it relates to the presidency, can be pretty powerful.â
Other U.S. Presidents Who Tried and Failed to Win a Consecutive Third Term
According to the National Constitution Center, most of the framers of the Constitution were against term limits, and, although amendments seeking to enforce them were proposed some 200 times between 1796 and 1940 without being adopted, most two-term presidents followed Washingtonâs precedent in not seeking reelection for a third time.
Still, some had tried. Ulysses S. Grant lost a third campaign in 1880, when James Garfield clinched the Republican nomination. Theodore Roosevelt lost his bid at a third nonconsecutive term in 1912 to William Howard Taft (he had previously served out the remainder of President William McKinley's term and then won reelection). And Woodrow Wilson lost the Democratic nomination in 1920. Harry Truman, who succeeded FDR after his death, was president when the 22nd Amendment passed and so was exempt from the new rule. Truman campaigned for a third term in 1952, but withdrew after losing in the New Hampshire primary.
Rooseveltâs campaign for a third term took place as the United States had not yet entered World War II, and the president was still trying to hold the line in an isolationist pattern.
âHe was trying to guide us along to try to keep Britain afloat with things like lend-lease,â Perry says. âThat obviously was preying on his mind and he didnât think that the U.S. should âchange horses in midstreamâ as this war was building towards what he knew would eventually be our full-fledged intervention in both the European and Pacific theaters.â
Rooseveltâs defeat of Republican challenger Governor Alf Landon of Kansas was a routâthe fourth-largest electoral vote margin ever. His 1940 win against Republican businessman Wendell Willkie wasnât quite as impressive, but he still won 55 percent of the popular vote, and took the electoral vote 449 to 82.
Republicans Led the Drive for Presidential Term Limits
This photograph of Franklin D. Roosevelt seated at his desk was the last color image of him before the announcement of his death.
Bettmann Archive/Getty Images
Of course, not everyone was on Rooseveltâs side. The National Constitution Center notes that his decision to run for a third term resulted in key Democratic supporters and advisors leaving his campaign.
Some political buttons from the time read âFDR Out at Third,â and Perry notes that despite his popularity, one-third of Americans, particularly business people and those with means, still voted against him. They argued he was taking America down the road of socialism.
âFamously, there were people who would refuse to speak of him by name and would call him âThat Man,ââ Perry says. âBut he knew the popular vote and the electoral vote were on his side. He wanted to see us through the two greatest catastrophes of the 20th century and he succeeded.â
Term Limits Were Set to Guard Against Tyrannical Rule
In 1944, according to the National Constitution Center, term-limit talk again came into focus. Republicans were at the forefront of the movement, though many Democrats agreed with the eight-year precedent set by Washington to guard against tyrannical rule.
âFour terms or 16 years is the most dangerous threat to our freedom ever proposed,â Thomas Dewey, Rooseveltâs Republican opponent, said in a 1944 speech.