A) Analyze how each of the following factors contributed to western settlement from 1854 to 1890. Desire for natural resources
Federal government policies
Technological developments
B) Explain how that settlement led to conflicts with and damage to American Indian communities.

A) The start of the closing of the American frontier was the creation of the transcontinental railroad, which drastically increased the speed of settlement in the west. The railroad had cut the time it took to cross the US from 8 months to 1 week, dramatically increasing the flow of people from one side of the country to the other. A result of the railroad was the land grants that were given to the railroad companies, who in turn sold them to create settlements, towns, and land grants for farmers.

Additionally, The US government had passed the Homestead Act, which granted 160 acres of public land for a small filing fee and a few restrictions. Settlers immediately began to take advantage of this act, striking it out in the West to start new farms and homes. The government had also begun to pass policies such as the Indian Appropriations Act of 1885. This allowed American Indians to sell unoccupied lands to settlers. The Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 additionally allowed white settlers to claim tribal lands through homesteads.

Another motivation for moving into the west presented itself in the form of gold. In 1874, gold was discovered in the Black Hills of South Dakota, starting another land rush. This desire for natural resources led to the mass movement of many people, filling up the west even more.

B) However, as settlers began to push further and further into the west, the American Indian communities that had already settled there began to be pushed off of their land and confined further into smaller territories. The government attempted different approaches to conserve American Indians, including creating reservations and assimilating the American Indian people into white culture. The conflict between the settlers and American Indians grew, eventually starting the Great Sioux war.

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