Definition: People who moved to the South during or following the Civil War and became active in politics, they helped to bring Republican control of southern state governments during Reconstruction and were bitterly resented by most white Southerners.

The embargo act of 1807  was a law passed by the united state congress and signed by president thomas jefferson on december 22,  1807. it prohibited american ships from trading in all foreign ports. in 1806, france passed a law that prohibited trade between neutral parties, like the u.s., and britain.