The Roman Empire had thriving urban centers, high literacy, and a centralized government, but in the early Middle Ages was none of these things. The Germanic-speaking people who invaded England from Central Europe and settled there were called the . Under the system, soldiers would be rewarded for their services to the king with gifts of land and other resources that came from battles won. The first Carolingian leader to become king was . After Charlemagne's rule, his grandsons' argument about who was the rightful heir of the empire led to the division of the empire into realms. One reason the were so successful at invading was that they engineered fast, versatile ships that could land almost anywhere. A new class of people called the , who gained wealth in towns, formed after the age of invasions. In the Controversy, church and state authorities argued over who had the greater authority to appoint bishops. In a crusade, the calls a war to defend the church against other faiths. According to , philosophical and theological questions could be resolved with religious-based reasoning. Respond to the following based on your reading. England became one of the strongest states in the Middle Ages. Explain the factors that contributed to its success. Compare and contrast the central intellectual movements' ideas in the Middle Ages. Then assess which ones challenged society's values the most.

1. Western Europe

2. Anglo-Saxons

3. pillage and gift

4. Pepin the Short

5. three

6. Vikings

7. bourgeoisie

8. Investiture

9. pope

10. scholasticism

Explanation:

11. Answers may vary. A sample answer is provided. England was a leader in literacy from its early history. Not only was literacy high in England, their monks also led literacy efforts in Europe. Literacy was key to developing its strong legal and taxation systems that would help the state become stronger.

12. Answers may vary. A sample answer is provided. Important intellectual ideas were developed from the twelfth to fifteenth centuries. During the Twelfth-Century Renaissance, scholars translated many Arabic texts into Latin, which made Islamic and ancient Greek scholarship and ideas accessible to the educated classes in Europe. In the thirteenth century, scholastics showed that theological questions could be discussed using logical reasoning. Finally, the European Renaissance introduced humanism, which began to challenge the central place of religious values in society. All three movements built on ideas from the ancient Greeks and Romans.

judaism, christianity and islam, are all abrahamic religions and therefore have in common the hebrew idea of a single god which is the source of all morality. the idea of the covenant is only related to judaism, while dharma is a concept of indian religions and the four noble truths are basic principles of buddhism.