Hi
For the red part I don’t get it what does it mean. Can you help me.

What triumphs did the late 19th century witness in the realms of industrial growth, urbanization, and technological innovation? what challenges did these developments pose for urban dwellers, workers, and recent immigrants? how did city officials and everyday citizens respond to these challenges?

Began during presidency of john q. adams tariff of 1828 and 1832 states’ rights versus federal authority john c. calhoun’s ‘proclamation to the people of south carolina’ concluded during the presidency of andrew jackson is which event are these characteristics describing

George h. w. bush a) hosted the dayton peace talks b) lost support when he agreed to new taxes c) was president when the soviet union collapsed d) ordered relief aid to rwandan refugees