What european nation was the first to establish permanent settlements in africa during the 1600s?

Netherlands or Dutch

Explanation: fun fact technically they are sometimes considered the first to invent pure slavery for life long benificial purposes.

explanation:

hi

the big stick policy was to still look powerful, and be nice at the same time. the big stick policy was also to countries who were at war, find peace with eachother.

the dollar diplomacy was to expand american business and get it to latin america, for that would be good for the economy.

you my friend, your regards.

agubaba khaleekha.