Based on the concepts presented in the Two Cradle Theory, what "values'' for survival did African Americans utilize for survival in the 20th century, and what values can the African American community adopt for survival in the 21st century? Elements for this paper will include: An historical evaluation of tools of survival within African societies
The adaptation of those tools by Africans in early and colonial America
Historical roots of the issues facing the African American community today
Conclude with your own opinion of potential solutions to some of the issues.

African American psychology has been studied primarily from two perspectives.

The first perspective is that psychological concepts and theories are universal and,

thus, African Americans can be studied using universal laws and principles. Research

on topics such as minority stress, stereotype threat, and identity assume that peo-

ple across diverse cultural groups will exhibit similar behavior in similar situations

and contexts. The second perspective, taken from African-centered scholars, is that

African American psychology is the psychology of people of African descent and

African beliefs and behaviors are central to the study of African Americans. In this

book, we use a convergent approach that captures both perspectives.

Baldwin’s definition encompasses an African-centered perspective. African-

centered psychology is discussed in more detail in Chapter 2. African-centered

psychology considers core values, beliefs, and behaviors found among people of African

descent that are central to understanding African Americans. Likewise, Azibo (1996) con-

siders African American psychology to be African or Black psychology. He writes, “All

human life processes including the spiritual, mental, biological, genetic, and behav-

ioral constitutes African psychology” (pp. 6–7). In these definitions, Baldwin and

Azibo do not make a distinction between African psychology and African American

psychology, arguing that all people with origins in Africa are African.

One way of understanding the two perspectives in the psychology of African

Americans is to consider differences between two schools of thought regarding

sorry i do not know this