Review the image showing a mosque in Timbuktu, a city in western Africa. How is the image an example of Arab influence on West African culture? It shows how trans-Saharan trade activities helped West African scholars build universities. It illustrates how Arab merchants peacefully introduced their religion during trading trips. It demonstrates how West Africans worked with Arab soldiers to build forts and conquer territory. It reflects the ways in which gold was used to build palaces for West African rulers.

In 911, a group of vikings lead by rollo besieged paris and chartres. after a victory near chartres on 26 august, charles decided to negotiate with rollo. the talks were led by hervé, the archbishop of reims. this resulted in the treaty of saint-clair-sur-epte, which granted rollo and his soldiers all the land between the river epte and the sea. it also granted him brittany, "for his livelihood". at the time, brittany was an independent land which france had not been able to conquer. in exchange, rollo promised the king his loyalty and military assistance when needed. also rollo also agreed to be baptised and to marry gisela, the king's daughter. the territory given rollo is about the same as upper normandy. this would grow to become normandy under rollo's descendants. - wikepedia

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The founder of the byzantine  empire  and its first  emperor,  constantine  the great,  movedthe  capital of the roman empire  to the city of byzantium in 330 ce, and renamed it  constantinople.  constantine  the great also legalized christianity, which had previously been persecuted in the  roman empire.