What groups were always against the centralizing efforts of the monarchs?

How did louis sullivan and william jenney change the face of american cities in the late 1800s

The bubonic plague killed 35% to 50% of the european population. the death toll was much higher in urban areas then in rural ones. the disproportion of mortality rates can be attributed to fact that cities were more densely populated then rural areas. england and italy were mostly affected; in some towns, the plague claimed 70-80% of the residents. the high death rates resulted in a large amount of wealth and property being passed from one owner to another as people moved from the country to the and other members of the clergy contracted the plague at a higher rate, because they had more contact with people infected by the disease. because of the high mortality rate, the church was desperately in need of new priests. many young priests were ordained without proper training. these inexperienced clergymen caused many to lose respect for the church. according to the passage, what were the effects of the plague? select all that apply. about 70 percent of europeans died. the plague resulted in people moving to the cities. the plague caused people to lose faith in the church. more people enrolled in universities and became priests. wealth and property changed hands after people died.

How does the use of the word official in this stage direction affect the mood of the scene ?