Why did armies fight from Trenches?

What motivated germany to make an alliance with austria-hungary?   a.  fear of aggression from the united states      b.  fear of aggression from france      c.  the desire to invade russia      d.  fear of aggression from england

The supreme court ruled that slaves could not sue because they could not read. they could not become lawyers. they lived in southern states. they were not considered citizens.

In an economic downturn, what can happen in countries that depend on high taxes to fund social programs?