After the Civil War, the United States experienced national and regional changes. In the South, Reconstruction came to an end and Jim Crow laws and sharecropping
became the norm. In the West, miners, ranchers, and homesteaders flooded into
the frontier aided by expanded railroad networks, government incentives, and the
destruction of the Plains Indians. By 1890, the western frontier and Indian
resistance came to an end. In the North (and Midwest), the U. S. experienced an
industrial revolution in railroads, oil, steel, and electricity. During this era, modern
corporations and monopolies were formed; Southern and Eastern European
immigrants flooded to America; Nativism increased; urbanization led to
skyscrapers, slums, political machines. During the Gilded Age, national politicians
protected corporate America and the status quo and failed to meet the needs of
Native Americans, unions, urban immigrants, African-Americans, and the Populists.
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