Lower courts in the american system include

state courts

Explanation:

lower courts are courts that are mainly used to entertain smaller charges examples of such courts are Magistrate courts. the smaller courts take up cases which are comprised mainly of civil charges other than criminal charges. capital offense charges are entertained at higher courts which are Federal courts like the Federal high court, Appeal court of justice and the supreme court of justice.

The lower courts as seen in Magistrate court is been presided over by a Magistrate and its Jurisdiction is usually restricted within the state, cases that are Federal cases are not judged in lower courts because they are mainly state courts and lack Jurisdiction to pass a Judgement on such cases.

in griswold v. connecticut (1965), the supreme court ruled that a state's ban on the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy.

herodotus taught this. herodotus was an ancient greek historian who was born in halicarnassus in the persian empire. he is known for having written the book the histories, a detailed record of his "inquiry" on the origins of the greco-persian wars.