How did horizontal and vertical integration during the late nineteenth century affect companies in the United States? Large businesses took over many small businesses for greater profits. Increased competition promoted the creation of new companies. New technologies were exchanged among companies to increase production. Higher profits were the result of government regulation and supervision of businesses.

After the Civil War, however, the corporation, using new state incorporation laws passed during the Market Revolution of the early nineteenth century, became a legal mechanism for nearly any enterprise to marshal vast amounts of capital while limiting the liability of shareholders

Business owners began devising ways to reduce competition. One method was to buy or bankrupt competitors. John D. Rockefeller had great success with this approach in the oil industry.

What improvements in transportation and communication promoted the onset of the Second Industrial Revolution? -The laying of telegraph cables between the United States and Europe improved the rate of communication more significantly than any previous invention.

Positive term for the business people. They invested a lot of the money they earned into society. Historians have used the terms "robber barons" and "captains of industry" to describe the powerful industrialists of the late 1800s.

b) a state law could be declared illegal if it contradicted the constitution.

explanation:

the conflict of this case originated when james w. mcculloch, a cashier of the baltimore branch of the second bank of the united states that the congress had chartered in 1816, refused to pay a tax imposed by the maryland state.

in the case, the state of maryland appealed that the establishment of a second bank was unconstitutional since the constitution didn't say anything about granting that power to congress. however, the case determined that even if such right wasn't specifically stated in the constitution, it was part of the "implied powers" of the government enunciated in article i, section 8.

the case also eliminated maryland's legislation to impose taxes to a national bank, asserting that even though the states retained the power of taxation, the constitution's laws are supreme and can not be controlled by the states, therefore, if a state law contradicts the constitution, it should be declared illegal.

explanation: