The French king was able to defy the pope because the king inherited his authority from a powerful father. believed himself to be independent of the Church. conquered large territories and ruled with firm control. created a strong national identity and a central government.

created a strong national identity and central government.

Explanation:

This was evident in 1303 when King Philip IV of France in a power struggle send his people to raid Pope Boniface VIII's place and eventually compel him to resign in a way that was disgraceful after citing alleged charges on the part of the Pope. However, the actions were considered successful based on the fact that King Philip IV had created a strong national identity and central government.

d) a week

because the land run of 1889, although not without precedent in the history of the west, further, their men were aboard the first trains, ready to jump off and begin staking their claims. oklahoma city, edmond, and guthrie were all so affected.

protected civil liberties and outlawed slavery in the new territories.