Now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, and Commander in Chief of the
Army and Navy, I hereby authorize and direct the Secretary of
War, and the Military Commanders whom he may from time to
time designate, whenever he or any designated Commander
deems such action necessary or desirable, to prescribe military
areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate
Military Commander may determine, from which any or all
persons may be excluded
-President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Executive Order 9066, February
19, 1942
Which constitutional right was most directly violated by this executive order?
А
Freedom of speech
B
Freedom of religion
C
Right to bear arms
D
Right to equal protection
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solidly rooted in society. Remarkably, at present all

major political parties are deeply rooted in society. The

UDF’s formidable organization, when combined with

the staying power and enduring unity of the BSP and

the loyalty of the MRF’s followers and activists, is

giving rise to a polity in which parties—rather than

spellbinding leaders, the state apparatus, independent

local strongmen, the military, or private oligarchs—are

the central actors in political life. As the Italian experi-

ence demonstrates, pluralistic partyocracy can engender

clientelism, dysfunctional politicization of parts of the

private sector, and political sclerosis. The Italian expe-

rience also shows that pluralistic partyocracy can spur

consolidation of democracy and progress toward

prosperity in a poor, peripheral, and demoralized land.

M. Steven Fish is an associate professor of political science at the

University of California, Berkeley. He is the author of

Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the

New Russian Revolution (Princeton University Press, 1995).

Robin S. Brooks is a Ph.D. candidate in the department of polit-

ical science at the University of California, Berkeley. She is writing

her dissertation on ethnic self-identification and nation building in

postcommunist Europe.

d) true or false question