The first known African-American police officer served in 1861 in what city?

powers  are  denied  to the  national governmentin three distinct ways: some  powers, such as the  power  to levy duties on exports or prohibit the freedom of religion, speech, press, or assembly, are expressly  denied  to the  national government  in the  constitution.

an era of negotiation.

is that an answer to your question?

jewish people, gypsies, and political opponents.