What were 5 taxes imposed by the American government AFTER the American Revolution

Taxation and Representation

James Madison

James Madison

Questions of taxation were inexorably bound with issues of representation. Although the Constitution sanctioned an executive branch of unprecedented capacity, the legacy of the Revolution insured that the tax power would not stray from legislative control. Much of the debate centered on how representation in Congress was to be apportioned. The design of James Madison's "Virginia Plan" clearly meant to correct the inequities of the "one state-one vote" Confederation system that had frustrated active government by granting all states, regardless of size, an equal vote (and equal veto power). Madison proposed a bicameral legislature in which representation in both houses depended on the size of the member states; larger states would be afforded more representatives, and thus more influence. In response, delegates from smaller states rallied around William Patterson's "New Jersey Plan." Like Madison, Patterson meant to strengthen the powers of the national government, but he sought to preserve the equity among states that had existed under the Articles. Ultimately, the delegates voted to amend the Virginia plan, creating an upper House with equal state representation and a lower House where seats would be apportioned on the basis of population, determined every decade by a national census. The authority to initiate money and tax bills, however, resided exclusively with the lower House, although the Senate did reserve the right to revise such bills. Since the people would vote for House legislators directly, the federal government, in theory, derived its authority to tax from the sovereignty of the people, not the states.

Explanation:

answer:   migrations were important in the neolithic period. "two major migrations passing through southeastern europe were confirmed by the means of archaeo-genetic studies."

the first migration was the early neolithic period -- 6,000 before common era (bce) -- when the first farmers, from anatolia -- asia minor -- spread through europe. the second migration occurred during the early bronze age (3,000-2,500 bce) when the so-called "steppe population," from the eurasian steppe, replaced much of northern europe's previous population.

the first farmers of northern and western europe passed through southeastern europe with limited hunter-gatherer genetic admixture, which occurs when two or more previously isolated populations begin interbreeding. however, some groups that remained mixed extensively -- without the male-biased, hunter-gatherer admixture that prevailed later in the north and west, according to latest discoveries. southeastern europe continued to be a nexus between east and west, with intermittent genetic contact with the steppe people up to 2,000 years before the migrations that replaced much of northern europe's population.

"in some places, hunter-gatherers and incoming farmers seem to have mixed very quickly," says iain mathieson, a geneticist at the university of pennsylvania, who was first author of the paper. "but, mostly, the two groups remained isolated, at least for the first few hundred years. these hunter-gatherers had been living there for thousands of years, and it must have been quite a shock to have these new people show up -- with a completely different lifestyle and appearance."