The closest modern-day equivalent of a joint stock company is Choose 1
A government agency, sponsored by tax revenue
A scientific non-profit, dedicated to spreading knowledge about the natural world
A corporation, with shares spread among many investors

A corporation, with shares spread among many investors

Explanation:

Join-stock companies are the antecessor to modern-day corporations. In fact, join-stock companies worked essentially the same way as a modern corporation.

Join-stock companies were born in a few European countries: Italy, the Netherlands, Britain and France. They were developed when financing needs became too high for a single or a few owners to finance. This is why stocks began to be sold to many individuals, who each held a fraction of ownership of the Join-stock company.

The two most famous Join-stock companies were the British East India Company, and the Dutch East India Company. These two companies were involved in very similar businesses: colonial adventures, trade, and even slavery.

i think its provide for the common defense

answer:

won re-nomination with no opposition he also had the support of his party

explanation:

it saw incumbent president andrew jackson, candidate of the democratic party, defeat henry clay, candidate of the national republican party. jackson won re-nomination with no opposition, and the 1832 democratic national convention replaced vice president john c. calhoun with martin van buren.