a) Identify and explain ONE political response resulting from the fragmentation of the Abbasid caliphate in the 13th century. b) Identify and explain ONE reason for the division within the Islamic world that led to the development of Sufism. c) Identify and explain ONE response to the spread of Islam within India.

Identify and explain ONE political response resulting from the fragmentation of the Abbasid caliphate in the 13th century.

After the fragmentation of the Abbasid caliphate, different groups were formed and some were led by non-Arabian Muslims, and respect for the caliphs were declining. In the end the Abbasids ended with the rise of the Buyids.

Identify and explain ONE reason for the division within the Islamic world that led to the development of Sufism.

One reason is because knowone could agree on who would be the successor of Muhammad. In the end there was a group who supported the Umayyads (Sunni) and those who opposed Umayyads. (Shia)

Identify and explain ONE response to the spread of Islam within India.

The expansion of Islamic empires, trade, and the construction of libraries led to the sharing of knowledge across different cultures. Knowledge was shared between Muslim, Asian, European, and African scholars. Ideas were combined and improved upon. A couple examples: Muslims improved the Greek Astrolabe, defined how the camera obscura worked, and Muslims used an Indian number system. Muslims also created algebra, invented hard soap using olive oil, invented the first windmill, improved medicine, and created medical schools. Not just India, but the whole world would have been different without Muslims.

Explanation:

the answer is c.richard m. nixon