REPRODUCTION PAGE 8 THE RIGHT TO DISAGRE

READ:

When John Adams was president, France and England were at war. The United States
wanted to remain neutral and carry on trade with all foreign countries. Neither France nor
England accepted this, and both attacked U. S. merchant ships.
Within the United States people took sides. Some wanted to help the British. Some wanted
to help the French. President Adams and most of the Congress favored the British. Vice-
President Thomas Jefferson and his followers favored the French.
Articles appeared in newspapers criticizing Adams and the government. Many articles
favored Jefferson and the French. Adams was furious. In 1798 Congress passed laws which
limited what people could say and write about the government. It became a crime to pub-
lish false, dishonorable, or critical comments about the President or Congress. If anyone
committed this crime they could be fined $2,000 and put in jail for two years. Nothing was
said about the vice-president, so the law did not apply to criticism of Jefferson.
A congressman from Vermont said President Adams had a continual grasp for power and
that he was selfish and a show-off. He was fined $1,000 and imprisoned for four months.
A newspaper reporter in Philadelphia criticized Adams and was fined $400 and imprisoned
for six months. Two other men said they wanted Jefferson to be president and were fined
and put in prison. When President Adams visited in New Jersey, cannon filled with wads of
cotton instead of cannonballs were shot off in his honor and as a protest. Someone in the
audience said he hoped one of the cotton wads would hit the president in the seat of his
pants. He was fined $100.

ANSWER.

2. Knowing that the Constitution protects freedom of speech and press, what argu
ments could Adams and his supporters make to defend their position? hey

the expansion of the rule of empires over other territories took place as a result of several reasons including economic, ethnocentric, political, and religious, and exploratory purposes.

in terms of economic purposes: imperial governments aimed to maximize profits and with that purpose they neeeded cheap labor, access to or control of markets to sell or buy products. they also desired to find natural resources (precious metals and land). in the awake of   industrial revolution, dependent colonies provided the necessary raw materials that european factories and market needed to manufacture products.  

ethnocentric: many territories were conquered by imperial territories in an attempt to spread their cultures, values and belief as they considered them to be superior. in the late 19th century, for example, european powers held   the racist belief that inferior races should be conquered in order to “civilize” them.

political: another reason that drove conquer and expansion was patriotism and growing imperial power. it refers to national prestige, pride, and security. empires sought strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world.

religious: the aim of converting new member of other religions was another factor that prompted expansion.   christian missionaries from europe established churches in conquered territories during the nineteenth century. thus, they spread western cultural values. furthermore, the imperial nation’s language was spread as well, through educational and religious interactions.

exploratory: imperial nations or their citizens aimed to explore territory that was unknown to them,   for different purposes including medical or scientific research, however, at the very   beginning, they did it to embark on adventure. furthermore, imperial explorers sought to discover, map, and claim territory before their imperial competition did, for national and personal glory as well as to realize the imperialist goal of expansion.

a. factors that are used to make goods and services

take five to 10 minutes to warm up and cool down properly.

plan to start slowly and boost your activity level gradually unless you are already exercising frequently and vigorously.

be aware that training too hard or too often can cause overuse injuries like stress fractures, stiff or sore joints and muscles, and inflamed tendons and ligaments. sports prompting repetitive wear and tear on certain parts of your body — such as swimming (shoulders), jogging (knees, ankles, and feet), tennis (elbows) — are often overuse culprits, too. a mix of different kinds of activities and sufficient rest is safer.

listen to your body. hold off on exercise when you're sick or feeling very fatigued. cut back if you cannot finish an exercise session, feel faint after exercise or fatigued during the day, or suffer persistent aches and pains in joints after exercising.

if you stop exercising for a while, drop back to a lower level of exercise initially. if you're doing strength training, for example, lift lighter weights or do fewer reps or sets.

for most people, simply drinking plenty of water is sufficient. but if you're working out especially hard or doing a marathon or triathlon, choose drinks that replace fluids plus essential electrolytes.

choose clothes and shoes designed for your type of exercise. replace shoes every six months as cushioning wears out.

for strength training, good form is essential. initially use no weight, or very light weights, when learning the exercises. never sacrifice good form by hurrying to finish reps or sets, or struggling to lift heavier weights.

exercising vigorously in hot, humid conditions can lead to serious overheating and dehydration. slow your pace when the temperature rises above 70°f. on days when the thermometer is expected to reach 80°f, exercise during cooler morning or evening hours or at an air-conditioned gym. watch for signs of overheating, such as headache, dizziness, nausea, faintness, cramps, or palpitations.

dress properly for cold-weather workouts to avoid hypothermia. depending on the temperature, wear layers you can peel off as you warm up. don't forget gloves.

they thoght they were going to nuke each other