When the president is managing the federal bureaucracy and its many programs and employees, he is acting as?

Chief executive

Explanation:

As a chief executive officer, the President has the highest-ranking position in the executive branch, whose main responsibility is to manage the federal bureaucracy and its many programs and employees by making major decisions related to the overall operations, structure, functions, and resources. While as a Commander-in-chief, the President acts as the major leader or head of the country's armed forces.

the population grew a lot and was making more money

porter is writing economic history because he is focusing on the cost of developing vaccines.