The main reason that France signed a formal alliance with the colonies during the American Revolution was the formation of the Continental Congress. Great Britain’s victory at the Battle of Saratoga. the colonial victory at the Battle of Saratoga. Benjamin Franklin’s negotiations on their behalf.

"the attempts of the proletariat to rise above this abasement"

islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. however, in the modern contexts of muslims minorities in non-muslim countries as well as secularised muslim states like turkey, indonesia and bangladesh, religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal shapes.

compared to religious leaders/clerics of the other abrahamic faiths, islamic clergy are said to resemble rabbis and not priests. unlike catholic priests they do not "serve as intermediaries between mankind and god",[1] have "process of ordination",[2] or "sacramental functions",[1] but instead serve as "exemplars, teachers, judges, and community leaders," providing religious rules to the pious on "even the most minor and private" matters.[1]

i dont have that book